Pumps and Pumping Systems

Fluid Handling Pumps can be defined as mechanical devices that add energy to fluids to increase the flow rate and static pressure. All fluid pumps are classified as either positive displacement (Hydraulic) pumps or dynamic pumps and are used to accomplish this process. The fluid properties and equipment performance drive the hydraulic power required by the pump to satisfy system requirements. So, in essence, in any pumping system, the role of the pump is to apply pressure to move fluids through a system. Fluid pumps are all pumps designed to handle industrial fluid elements. The capability of fluid pumps is influenced by flow rate, pressure, power, head, and efficiency. To select the right pump, two types of data are required: Product/fluid data, and performance data.

Fluid pumping systems have a wide range of applications varying from circulating water and pumping chemicals to maintaining pressure. Fluid pumping systems usually consist of multiple centrifugal pumps in a sequence. Variable speed pumps are utilized to pump variable flow rates. To overcome system resistance or “head”, the pressure needs to be high enough. Static head occurs when there’s a difference in height, while friction head exists when there is resistance to flow in a pumping system. In order to transfer a fluid from one point to another, a pump must transmit energy. The energy required by the pump is based on the pump altitude, head, length, and diameter of the pipes.

The function of a pump

A pump is a device that moves fluids by mechanical action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps. The function of a pump is not to generate pressure, it produces liquid movement or flow. Pumps produce the flow necessary for the creation of pressure, a function of resistance to fluid flow within a system. Mechanical pumps can be utilized in a variety of applications such as pumping water from wells, water cooling, pumping oil, and heating and cooling objects or systems. Hydraulic pumps are components of hydraulic systems that take mechanical energy and convert it into fluid energy. The main function of a pump is to transfer energy, this is often achieved by transporting fluid by converting different types of energy. The performance of a pump is measured by the function of the total head and the weight of the liquid pumped over a period of time.

There are many types of pump designs, but most pump types can be classified under centrifugal and positive displacement pumps.

Centrifugal pump

Centrifugal pumps use impellers, curved blades that accelerate fluids when rotating. Centrifugal pumps can be classified into three sub-types: axial flow pumps, radial flow pumps, and mixed flow pumps. Centrifugal pumps are the most common type of pump because they’re easy to manufacture and are cheaper because they often are mass-produced.

Positive displacement pump

Positive displacement pumps use the regular interval to move a fixed amount of fluid. Displacement pumps can be reciprocating or rotary, depending on the required application. Reciprocating pumps have internal cavities that fill up to be discharged with higher pressure. Rotary pumps use rotors to trap water in cavities and to later discharge them.

The chances of buying exactly the right pump for your flow requirements without some research are minimal. The flow rate of your system depends on the physical characteristics of the system, such as friction, static head, as well as fluid viscosity if the fluid is different from water. Different fluids have their own characteristics and are usually pumped under varying conditions, therefore, it’s important to know all relevant product and performance data of a pump before selecting the right one.

In order to select the right pump, some steps need to be considered. First, the flow rate should be determined. In industrial settings, the flow rate depends on the production level of the plant. Careful analysis of the interaction between processes is required to determine the exact flow rate required. Second, the static head and friction head should be determined. The static head can be determined by measuring the different heights levels, friction head depends on the flow rate, pipe size, and pipe length. Third, the total head should be calculated by summing the static head and friction head. Finally, you are ready to select the right pump depending on your required flow rate, static head, and friction head.